What is the actual path the aircraft has flown over the earth's surface called?

The actual path that an aircraft has flown over the earth's surface is called the track. This term describes the horizontal movement of the aircraft as it travels from one point to another, taking into account the effects of wind and other environmental factors that may alter its intended direction.

Track is typically depicted on navigation displays, and understanding it is crucial for air traffic controllers and pilots alike, as it provides a clear representation of the aircraft's route in relation to geographic landmarks, airways, and other air traffic.

True heading refers to the direction an aircraft is pointed in relation to true north, but does not account for the actual ground path influenced by wind. False course is not a standard term in aviation and is not used in this context. Flight path generally refers to the three-dimensional trajectory of the aircraft, which includes both altitude and direction, but the term "track" specifically emphasizes the actual movement over the earth’s surface.